Quality, Reliability, and Readability of Online Information on Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the quality & reliability, technical quality, and readability of patient-targeted online information on idiopathic intracranial hypertension. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we searched Google and Bing search engines for the terms "idiopathic intracranial hypertension" and "pseudotumor cerebri." We evaluated the first 50 search outcomes for each search term. Peer-reviewed articles, targeted advertisements, book chapters, videos, personal blogs, websites intended for healthcare professionals, and non-English websites were excluded. Websites were classified as institutional or private. Two independent reviewers assessed each website for 1) quality and reliability using DISCERN, Health on the Net Code of Conduct (HONcode), and JAMA criteria and 2) technical quality based on 11 criteria. Readability was evaluated using 6 measures (Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease score and grade level, Gunning Fog, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (Smog) index, Coleman-Liau index, and automated readability index). RESULTS: Sixty-three websites (37 institutional) were included. The mean scores for the DISCERN, HONcode, and JAMA criteria were 3.6 ± 1 (1-4.8; 1: worse, 5: best), 10.3 ± 2.8 (2-16; 0: worse, 16: best), and 2 ± 1.3 (0-4; 0: worse, 4: best), respectively. The mean technical quality score was 0.8 ± 0.1 (0.5-1). The mean Flesch-Kincaid grade level score was 8.9 ± 1.8 (3.3-13.3). For Flesch-Kincaid grade level, 47 (74.6%) websites scored a grade level of 10 or less. For Gunning Fog Score, 35 websites (55.6%) scored from 7.3 to 10.8. For the Smog Index, 46 (73%) websites scored 5.7-8. The mean Coleman Liau Index was 16 ± 2.1 (9.6-22.2). For the automated readability index, 30 (50.7%) websites scored less than the eighth grade. No statistically significant difference was present between institutional and private websites except for JAMA, which scored higher in private websites (2.4 vs 1.7, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that online information on idiopathic intracranial hypertension/pseudotumor cerebri for patients generally demonstrates moderate to good quality and reliability. Although most websites maintain credible technical quality, the readability exceeds recommended levels for the average American reader. This may impede understanding, emphasizing the need for future improvements.

Continuous Wave Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation and Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation in Childhood Glaucoma: A Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To report the outcomes of continuous wave-transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TS-CPC) and endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) in childhood glaucoma. METHODS: We performed a systematic search of relevant databases. We collected data on age, follow-up duration, type of glaucoma, previous surgical interventions, preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), preoperative and postoperative number of glaucoma medications, adverse events, number of sessions, and success rates at different time points. The main outcome measures are the amount of IOP and glaucoma medication reduction. RESULTS: We included 17 studies studying 526 patients (658 eyes); 11 evaluated the effectiveness of TS-CPC (268 patients, 337 eyes), 5 evaluated ECP (159 patients, 197 eyes), and one study compared both techniques (56 patients, 72 eyes for TS-CPC vs. 43 patients, 52 eyes for ECP). The median duration of follow-up was 28 months in the TS-CPC group and 34.4 months in the ECP group. The mean number of treatment sessions was 1.7 in the TS-CPC and 1.3 in the ECP. In the TS-CPC group, the mean IOP was significantly reduced from 31.2±8 to 20.8±8 mmHg at the last follow-up (P<0.001). The mean number of glaucoma medications was reduced from 2.3±1.3 to 2.2±1.3 (P=0.37). In the ECP group, there was also a significant reduction in the mean IOP from 32.9±8 mmHg with a mean of 1.7±0.7 glaucoma medications to 22.6±9.8 mmHg (P<0.0001) on 1.2±1.1 medications (P=0.009) at the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Both TS-CPC and ECP were effective in reducing the IOP and glaucoma medications in childhood glaucoma. Multiple treatment sessions were required.

Risk of abducens nerve palsy following COVID-19 vaccination.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence and risk of new-onset abducens nerve palsy and acute-onset diplopia following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS: In this retrospective, population-based study, patient data from the COVID-19 Research Network of TriNetX was searched via the TriNetX Analytics platform for patients who received specific vaccinations based on Common Procedural Technology codes. We recorded instances of newly diagnosed abducens nerve palsy and diplopia within 21 days following each vaccination event. RESULTS: Of the 3,545,224 patients (mean age at vaccination, 46.2 ± 21.3 years) who received the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, 12 (<0.0001%) patients had a new diagnosis of abducens nerve palsy and 453 (0.013%) had acute-onset diplopia within 21 days of first dose of COVID-19 vaccination. After propensity score matching, the relative risk for new abducens nerve palsy diagnosis after the first dose of COVID-19 vaccination was not significantly different from that after influenza (RR, 0.77), Tdap (RR, 1.0), or the second dose of the COVID-19 vaccinations (RR, 1.00). Furthermore, there was a lower risk of abducens nerve palsy diagnosis after the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccination compared with the risk after COVID-19 infection (RR, 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of a new abducens nerve palsy diagnosis following the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine is lower than the risk associated with COVID-19 infection itself. There is no evidence to suggest a causal relationship between COVID-19 vaccination and the development of abducens nerve palsy.

Quality, Reliability, Technical Quality, and Readability of Google Online Information on Childhood Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality, reliability, technical quality, and readability of online information related to childhood glaucoma. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, no human subjects were studied. Analysis was done for online websites on childhood glaucoma. The terms "childhood glaucoma," "pediatric glaucoma," "congenital glaucoma," "buphthalmos," and "big eyes" were entered into the Google search engine and the first 100 search results were assessed for quality, reliability, technical quality, and readability. Peer-reviewed articles, patient forum posts, dictionary definitions, and websites that appeared as targeted ads, were not in English, or were not focused on humans were excluded. Each website was evaluated for (1) quality and reliability using the DISCERN, HONcode, and JAMA criteria; (2) technical quality assessing 11 technical aspects; and (3) readability using six separate criteria (Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Score and Grade Level, Gunning Fog Index score, the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook Index, Coleman-Liau Index, and Automated Readability Index). RESULTS: The median scores for the DISCERN, HONcode, and JAMA criteria were 2.6 (range = 1 to 4.75; 1 = worst, 5 = best), 10 (range = 0 to 16; 0 = worst, 16 = best), and 2 (range = 0 to 4; 0 = worst, 4 = best), respectively. The median technical quality score was 0.7. Readability was poor among most websites, with a median Flesch-Kincaid grade Grade Level Score of 9.3. The median Gunning Fog Index score was 9.8. There was a statistically significantly higher JAMA score and Gunning Fog Index score among the private websites compared to the institutional websites. However, institutional websites had higher technical quality. CONCLUSIONS: Online information on childhood glaucoma had poor to moderate quality and reliability. The technical quality is good; however, most websites' readability was above the recommended 5th to 6th grade reading level. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 20XX;X(X):XXX-XXX.].